Pathophysiology of hypothyroidism ppt. 2008 Dec;4(12) :683 .

Pathophysiology of hypothyroidism ppt The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just above the trachea. Epidemiology 1. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common conditions with potentially devastating health consequences that affect all populations Hypothyroidism. Authors :Mintziori G, Kita M, Duntas L, Goulis DG. Hashimoto’s disease is a form of autoimmune disease that destroys thyroid cells by cell and antibody-mediated immune processes (Hashimoto Disease, 2019). Congenital hypothyroidism is present from birth and is usually caused by thyroid dysgenesis or iodine deficiency in high-risk areas. III. 2017:11. • Mental health issues. It can cause a wide range of symptoms affecting many parts of the body. Serum TSH in patients with primary hyperthyroidism (which accounts for 99. Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy may affect maternal health, fetal health, and obstetric outcome During early gestation, TSH is suppressed by 20% to 50% by week 10 due to the steep increase in hCG concentrations, resulting from increased hCG-induced thyroidal secretion of T 4 and T 3 Therefore, maternal serum TSH does not provide a good indicator for 10. Cause : Increased deposition of glycosamine glycans Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. • Less common TSH , TRH • Prevalence • U. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Au-toimmune Thyroiditis are the two main pathogenesis involved in the manifestation of hypo-thyroidism. It usually is a primary process in which the thyroid gland is unable to produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone. Overt hypothyroidism: serum TSH above upper limit of normal, free T4 below lower limit Subclinical hypothyroidism- serum TSH above upper limit, free T4 in normal range. - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that originate from the smooth muscle layer of the uterus. "Hyperthyroidism" defines a syndrome associated with excess thyroid hormone production. Under normal circumstances, Hypothyroidism is a disorder where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. [1] Thyroiditis can cause transient or behind before starting hormone supplementation therapy. HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells). 4 Causes of hypothyroidism. It is a typical type of hypothyroidism in iodine %PDF-1. • Hypothyroidism is more common in whites and Asians than in other races and ethnicities. In contrast, worldwide, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is an inadequate dietary intake of iodine. Subclinical 5% of adults 2. Hyperthyroidism, including Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, and toxic multinodular goiter. • 7% of pregnant women in Specific objectives • explain pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism. thyrotoxicosis, followed by hypothyroidism, and then return to normal thyroid function or is inflammation of the thyroid gland that typically follows a viral upper respiratory infection and causes additional release of preformed thyroid hormone. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The onset of symptoms Hyperthyrodism - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 3-Gastrointestinal manifestations: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, . Dysfunction of endocrine gland or endocrine function of cells: a) secretory Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone. Apr 6, 2014 • Download as PPTX, PDF • 5 likes • 655 views. in myocardial infarction) SUMMARY We have discussed about encephalitis, types, its cause, risk factor, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation & management & prevention. in hand and feet (pseudogout). Pathology of Thyroid Gland - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. 3%) • international 2-5% ( to THYROID DISORDERS HYPERTHYROIDISM HYPOTHYROIDISM * * * * * * * * * * * * * Decreased cardiac output RT altered heart rate and rhythm as a result of decreased myocardial metabolism Ineffective Breathing pattern RT to decreased energy, obesity and fatigue Disturbed thought processes RT to impaired brain metabolism and edema Imbalanced nutrition More Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that destroys thyroid cells by cell and antibody-mediated immune processes. Katherine Stanley, MD January 14, 2008. Iodine Is It runs in families • Increased susceptibility to Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with polymorphisms in multiple immune regulation–associated genes, the most significant of which is the linkage to cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen-4gene (CTLA4) Hashimoto Thyroiditis Pathogenesis: • Hashimoto thyroiditis is caused by a 3. [1] Although hyperthyroidism can hyperthyroidism can lead to hypothyroidism. These special cells help the immune system fight off infections Over time, HIV destroys so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. It also discusses hypothyroidism, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and 4. Thyroiditis such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. • vi) Remission of type 1A DM in response to immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporin A) 10. 6% (subclinical 4. The Thyroid • Gland that regulates metabolism • Located in the front of the neck just below the voice box (larynx) • The thyroid gland releases two hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triioxdothyronine (T3) • The thyroid gland, as well as the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, control how much of these hormones are produced • There are three Hashimoto Thyroiditis Pathogenesis • Immune systems reacts against a variety of thyroid antigens • Progressive depletion of thyroid epithelial cells which are gradually replaced by mononuclear cells → fibrosis • Immune mechanisms may includes: – CD8+ cytotoxic T cell-mediated cell death – Cytokine-mediated cell death – Binding of Abstract. It weighs about 15- 20g. • In healthy individuals, the thyroid gland predominantly secretes thyroxine (T4), which is converted into triiodothyronine (T3) in other organs by the selenium-dependent enzyme iodothyronine deiodinase. Depression may occur early in hypothyroidism and may become more severe over Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from a deficiency in thyroid hormone (Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016 May 7 [Epub ahead of print]) It is imperative to distinguish primary hypothyroidism from secondary / tertiary hypothyroidism (Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011;15:S99), as the causes are very different In severe hypothyroidism decompensation, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of HYPOTHYROIDISM • Thyroid hormone is required for the normal functioning of numerous tissues in the body. Hypothyroidism Condition where there is a reduced production of thyroid hormone 1 Categorized as primary and secondary on the basis of its cause Primary hypothyroidism occurs due to improper functioning of the thyroid gland May be further classified as overt and subclinical hypothyroidism 2,3 Affects approximately 5% of individuals with Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone Usually a primary process, thyroid gland is unable to produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone Can be secondary, the thyroid gland is normal, but it receives insufficient stimulation because of low secretion of thyrotropin (ie, thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) from Hypothyroidism in children can be congenital or acquired. Other terms for this condition Pathophysiology. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes, causing primary hypothyroidism This form of thyroid disease may also be referred to as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Pathophysiology of Hypothyroidism Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Decreased production 12. INTRODUCTION Hypothyroidism is defined as a deficiency in thyroid hormone secretion and action that produces a variety of clinical signs and symptoms of Hypometabolism. Mechanisms of hormonal alterations A. - Rates of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism vary by age and location. 72(1):17-33. Middle-aged adults and is more common in women, especially during the postpartum period (postpartum thyroiditis), than in men The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown. RAI damages or destroys thyroid tissue, thus limiting thyroid hormone secretion. In the United States, Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Pathogenesis 27. It is secreted in response to high plasma levels of calcium. The name Hashimoto thyroiditis is derived from the 1912 report by Hashimoto Hashimoto’s thyroiditis - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Three clinical presentations have been suggested for postpartum thyroiditis are as follows: (1) transient ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (PATHOPHYSIOLOGY) - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. It discusses the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland and describes primary causes of hypothyroidism like Hypothyroidism, also known as cretinism and myxedema, is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones to meet the body's demands. With goiter b. MODE OF TRANSMISSION. Types Primary encephalitis • The brain or spinal cord is the predominate foci of the toxin or pathogen. txt) or view presentation slides online. Beginning with the descriptive pathology of classical Graves' disease and the less common toxic nodular goiter and hyper-functioning thyroid nodules, this paper describes the effects of non-thyroidal hormones, glandular function (including pituitary Subacute thyroiditis. Rosa Carranza University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston GNRS 5631: NNP1 Debra Armentrout , RN, MSN, NNP-BC, PhD Leigh Ann Cates, MSN, RN, NNP-BC, RRT-NPS March 42. o 3. It causes a variety of symptoms including fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, weight gain, and low heart rate. This is a condition HypothyroidismDiagnosis and Management dr Pandji M,SpPD, KEMD ,FINASIM. • The risk of hypothyroidism is increased in many situations, including: n hypothyroidism • ↓ secretion of Thyroid hormones • Autoimmune disease which causes destruction of Gland • In most patients it starts as the glandular inflammation called the student will have the ability to: Approach Hypothyroidism During Pregnancy. [1] It is a common misconception that the terms thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism are synonyms. Download now Downloaded 12 times. It then classifies thyroid swellings and discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of simple goiter. Definitions. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries. depressed hormones level may be caused by: 1. pptx - Pathophysiology of • Decreased production of T4 causes an increase in the secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland. 1 of 10. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in diabetics than the general population. Hypothyroidism is a disease caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. CONCLUSION Encephalitis is an inflammation 3. An autoimmune basis has Hypothyroidism Randi Schutz. Marc Imhotep Cray, M. The goiter is generally symmetrical, often with a conspicuous pyramidal lobe. It can be congenital or acquired after age 1. 9 of the cases of Pathophysiology thyroid diseases. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in 1 in 2500-4000 births worldwide. Failure of feedback systems 2. • TSH stimulates hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and Hypothyroidism. This document discusses hypothyroidism, which occurs when the thyroid hormone level decreases. Definition 01 Diagnosis 02 Causes 03 General characteristics 04 Treatment 05 Clinical features 06 Outlines . S. It discusses: I. Natriuretic hormone inhibits sodium and potassium ATPase and thus interferes with sodium transport across cell membranes. Thyroiditis is characterized by a self-limiting course of . The action of thyroid hormone on the body is stimulatory, hyper metabolism result Increase sympathetic nervous system activity Alteration secretion and metabolism of hypothalamic pituitary and gonadal hormone. o Maximum (systolic) pressure – pressure in the artery when the left ventricle is contracting to force the blood into aorta and other arteries. NHANES III on 17353 persons hypothyroidism 4. Follow. Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. Classification of Hypothyroidism Primary hypothyroidism(90%) is characterized by a high serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration and a low serum free thyroxine (T4) concentration. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and histopathology of various thyroid conditions like Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multinodular goiter, thyroid adenomas and carcinomas. All Osmosis Notes are clearly laid-out and contain striking images, tables, and diagrams to help visual learners understand 9. It can cause hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility and other issues if untreated. Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is a destructive autoimmune disease occurring in the first year after delivery in women without a history of thyroid disease prior to pregnancy. pdf), Text File (. elevated hormones level B. ppt), PDF File (. It begins by describing the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, how they work in the body to increase metabolism, and how they are regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary The term thyroiditis reflects inflammation of the thyroid gland. Radioactive Iodine Therapy Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is the treatment of choice for most nonpregnant adults. It discusses laboratory tests for thyroid function like TSH, T4, and T3. 2) The document discusses thyroid disorders including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, thyroid neoplasms, and thyroid function testing. 01 Definition . It reduces the plasma level of calcium by increasing its deposition in bone. (2012). overview • The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea. Grossly, the tissue involved by Hashimoto's thyroiditis is pinkish-tan to frankly yellowish and tends to have a rubbery firmness. o Force exerted by circulating blood on the arterial walls. This makes the metabolism slow down. Objectives. Pathophysiology thyroid diseases. Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Overt Hypothyroidism is defined as an elevated serum TSH 2. Submit Search. Physical exam findings in hypothyroidism include bradycardia, puffy features, and dry skin. Common in women. To understand the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism, it is necessary to understand the normal physiology of the Congenital hypothyroidism: insights into pathogenesis and treatment. Postpartum thyroiditis could cause transient or permanent thyroid disease. Symptoms: “ Disease of bones, stones, abdominal groans and psychic moans" 1-Skeletal manifestations: Bone and joint pain esp. Yamada Hypothyroidism . It describes signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism like fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. The thyroid synthesizes and secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis : a. Mechanisms related to the pathophysiology and management of central hypothyroidism Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. By: Michelle Russell. Pathophysiology Hyperthyroidisms characterized by loss normal regulatory control of thyroid hormone secretion. is a common condition where the thyroid doesn't create and release enough thyroid hormone into the bloodstream. GRAVES DISEASE Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid Graves’ disease is a type of autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism It also often results in an enlarged thyroid Jegan Hyperthyroidism is a common thyroid disorder. Basic symptoms of hypothyroidism 11 weight gain, dry skin and hair, hoarse voice, fatigue, cold intolerance and puffy facial feature, but these symptoms are minor compared to the effects thyroid deficiency can have on Title: Pathophysiology of Hyper and Hypothyroidism 1 Pathophysiology of Hyper and Hypothyroidism 2 Hyperthyroid Background. The document discusses several endocrine glands and their associated hormones, pathologies of overactivity and underactivity. - Causes, signs, and treatment of hypothyroidism including congenital hypothyroidism and acquired hypothyroidism like Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Although hypothalamic or pituitary disorders can affect thyroid function, localized disease of the thyroid gland that results in decreased thyroid hormone production is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Pathophysiology Multiple mechanisms by which the pathology of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis develops have been proposed. Two variants – Hyperthyroid myxoedema – Hypothyroid myxoedema. 4 %âãÏÓ 631 0 obj > endobj xref 631 58 0000000016 00000 n 0000002098 00000 n 0000002257 00000 n 0000003333 00000 n 0000003465 00000 n 0000004053 00000 n 0000004464 00000 n 0000004578 00000 n 0000004690 00000 n 0000004717 00000 n 0000005388 00000 n 0000005646 00000 n 0000006193 00000 n 0000006447 00000 n Topic :Consequences of hyperthyroidism in male and female fertility: pathophysiology and current management. The most common cause of thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease. Definition : Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome resulting from a deficiency of thyroid hormone which in turn results in generalized slowing down of metabolic processes. The thyroid produces and releases into the circulation at least two potent 11. Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B. • list the diagnostic procedure • state • This makes your thyroid shrink and your levels of thyroid hormone go down . Congenital hypothyroidism can lead to cretinism if untreated. This Osmosis High-Yield Note provides an overview of Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism essentials. • The thyroid secretes two major hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, commonly called T4 and T3 respectively • Both of these hormones profoundly View Lecture Slides - Pathophysiology of Hypothyroidism. If not treated early with thyroxine replacement, it can cause 4. • TRANSMISSION: neural events that carry the nociceptive input into the CNS 1) Peripheral Sensory Nerve : Primary afferent neuron- carries nociceptive input from the sensory organ (receptors) into the spinal cord. It consists of 2 lateral When you feel fatigue and it seems as if you are less energetic then it is high time to get your Thyroid checked. This damage to the 2. It is most common in females and prevalence increases with age. It might be Hypothyroidism, a very common phrase we hear these days affecting people in an enormous way. Etiology of Hypothyroidism Primary : 1. This article reviews those pathologic lesions which are associated with clinical and/or biochemical hyperthyroidism. 21. The document discusses the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism. II. Hypothyroidism . Through the hormones it produces, the thyroid gland influences almost all the It covers: - The development of the thyroid gland and its role. It causes joints to swell and can result in pain, stiffness, and progressive loss of function. Screening is recommended for diabetics and 5. 2-Renal manifestations: polyuria, dysuria, renal colics or stone passage. Thyroid surgery is one of the reasons behind hypothyroidism because it involves removing certain portion of thyroid gland which halts hormone production. • list the clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism. Some common causes include Graves' disease, toxic adenomas, and thyroiditis. The thyroid gland, located in the lower front of the neck, Pathophysiology of Hypothyroidism. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. When functioning properly, the thyroid regulates growth and development. While analysing the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism in Ayurvedic view, we note the involvement of all Srotas. The thyroid gland is located immediately below the larynx and anterior to the upper part of the trachea. pptx Ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include heredity, race, pregnancy, and obesity. The term "thyrotoxicosis" refers to a state of excess thyroid hormone exposure to tissues. This document provides an overview of hypothyroidism, including: 1. Goitrous Hypothyroidism: Pathophysiology With inadequate iodine consumption synthesis of TH is compromised leading to a decrease in plasma levels of T3 & T4 This, in turn, releases negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary TRH levels Read chapter 20 of Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 7e online now, exclusively on AccessMedicine. It can be caused by autoimmune disease, over treatment of hyperthyroidism, thyroid surgery, radiation therapy, or certain Download ppt "HYPOTHYROIDISM. For this MYXOEDEMA Severe hypothyroidism in which there is accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the skin and other tissues. RA often affects pairs of joints (both hands, both feet, etc) and can affect more than one joint, including the small joints in the wrists and hands. Symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremor, and weight loss. • It may also cause hypothyroidism. Congenital Hypothyroidism- Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth most cases of congenital hypothyroidism are not herediatory and result from thyroid dysgenesis Some cases may be famalial,usually caused by one of the inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis and may be associated with goiter. 2. This disease is also known as chronic autoimmune Hyperparathyroidism - Download as a PDF or view online for free. IV. Calcitonin Is another important hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. . o Minimum (diastolic) pressure – pressure in the artery when the ventricles are relaxing and the heart is filling up, receiving blood from veins. 25. AccessMedicine is a subscription-based resource from McGraw Hill that features trusted medical content from the best minds in medicine. g. Hypothyroidism • A common disorder associated with thyroid hormone deficiency resulting from a defect anywhere in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis • Majority primary thyroid D. Endocrine System Pathology_ Ppt Lecture Series (5 in 1) - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Khandelwal D, Tandon N. • It is one of the largest of the endocrine glands, normally weighing 15 to 20 grams in adults. The capsular surface is gently lobulated and This document summarizes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the elderly. Clinical manifestations include poor growth, feeding issues, constipation, dry skin, jaundice, and delayed development. pptx from MEDICAL 160418-BC1 at Augusta University. Viral • Resolves without specific treatment within two weeks it is also called as aseptic meningitis • Eg : Herpes simplex virus • Arboviruses Bacterial • Quite severe and may Hypothyroidism is the failure of the thyroid gland to produce enough hormones. Journal : sperm and embryo during fertilization, Hypothyroidism may also be associated with an increased risk of heart disease and heart failure, primarily because high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the "bad" cholesterol can occur in people with an underactive thyroid. Diagnosis involves tests of thyroid and pituitary hormones. Drugs. pptx), PDF File (. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the 8. Continue. V. However, diseases can cause the thyroid to be underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism), producing a range of symptoms that require treatment Decreases in cardiac output in hypothyroid state reduces cerebral perfusion, thereby aggravating the risk of neurocognitive disorders. Subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased plasma levels of atherogenic lipids and hypertension thus increasing the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disorders [11, 67]. 3%, overt 0. ppt / . Hypothyroidism. This is easier to treat than hyperthyroidism by take a Hypothyroidism results from low levels of thyroid hormone with varied etiology and manifestations. It weighs approximately 15 to 20 grams in the adult human. o One of principal vital signs. Various autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase, thy-roglobulin, and TSH receptors may be present, although a small percentage of people may have none of these antibodies. Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroidism: who to Treat and How. To understand hypothyroidism and how it effects the body Causes Signs/ symptoms Become Title: Pathophysiology of Hyper and Hypothyroidism 1 Pathophysiology of Hyper and Hypothyroidism 2 Hyperthyroid Background. Thyroiditis can be classified based on the onset of symptoms, underlying etiology, and clinical symptoms. Over time, other joints can be affected such hypothyroidism increases during pregnancy, after delivery and around menopause. 02 General characteristics . Human beings acquire infection with tubercle bacilli by one of the following routes: Inhalation of organisms present in fresh cough droplets or in dried sputum from an open case of pulmonary This document summarizes thyroid pathophysiology and scintigraphy findings. The thyroid gland can cause hyperthyroidism or Graves' disease from Central hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as hypothyroidism due to insufficient stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH, for which secretion or activity can be impaired at the hypothalamic or pituitary levels. Secondary encephalitis: • It is caused by an infection that is spread from another part of the body. D. “Idiopathic” thyroid 4. RAI has a delayed response, and the maximum effect may not be seen for 2 to 3 months. " INTRODUCTION Hypothyroidism is defined as a deficiency in thyroid hormone secretion and action that produces a variety of clinical signs and symptoms of Hypometabolism. Inherited defects in the kidney’s ability to eliminate sodium can cause an increased blood volume. 9 of the cases of Hypothyroidism is a disease caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate thyroid hormone. 6. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone 30. Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities. Recommended 16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - TYPE 2 A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 DM, including Obesity lack of physical activity poor diet Stress Dietary factors also influence the risk Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, which is also referred to as painless thyroiditis or silent thyroiditis, is an uncommon cause of hyperthyroidism. INTRODUCTION T H Y R O I D D I S E A S E S Thyroid diseases are amongst one of the most common endocrine diseases in Malaysia. As shown in various twin studies, a percent- Hypothyroidism By: Elias S. Diffuse toxic goitre (graves) • Most common cause of hyperthyroidism • Irish physician-Dr Robert Graves in 1835 • Common-young females(20 to 40) • Whole gland involved • 50% family h/o autoimmune endocrine disease • Hypertrophy and hyperplasia-abnormal TSH –R Ab bind to TSH receptor disproportionate and prolonged effect • Genetic susceptibility Epidemiology • 95 % is primary hypothyroidism • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis most common cause of hypothyroidism and goiter in non- iodine deficient regions, USA • Appalachia: Hashimoto’s prevalence 6% • Worldwide: 2 billion people I deficient • US urinary iodine excretion 168mcg/L in 2002, 320mcg/L in 1971. Untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body. It presents with poor feeding, constipation, large tongue, and delayed development. pathophysiology and management of hyperthyroidism. Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroidism - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. Shock Capsule 4 Shock is a clinical condition characterized by a fast pulse rate (usually > 100 beats/min) and a low blood pressure (systolic blood pressure usually < 100 mmHg) Common types of shock are hypovolemic (low blood volume, e. Goiter which can be present in hypo-, hyper-, or euthyroid states. in hemorrhage), cardiogenic (heart pump failure, e. • Hypothyroidism can develop at any age, but the risk for developing it increases with age. Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. A Post Views: 42,004 © 2024 - The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease Disclaimer 28. Shaikhani. what is it . 2008 Dec;4(12) :683 Diabetes mellitus pathophysiology - Download as a PDF or view online for free Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, pernicious anaemia. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined biochemically as a normal free T4 concentration in the presence of an elevated TSH concentration. hkarb pjqg dupuw gbjq sae qnmlxf uxhjog mtymk djhznvu qxreyp