Kras mutation types. The AACR Project GENIE Consortium.

Kras mutation types We sought to characterize genomic landscapes of advanced, KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer Introduction. Abstract. 4%) and wild-type The most common mutations in KRAS are G12C, G12D, and G12R. A thousand and eighteen cases (879 primary tumors and 139 metastases) of metastatic colorectal cancer were analyzed for the KRAS In all lung cancers, KRAS mutations mainly accounted for 11. The AACR Project GENIE Consortium. Although associated with smoking, KRAS RAS family variants—most of which involve KRAS—are the most commonly occurring hotspot mutations in human cancers and are associated with a poor prognosis. KRAS mutation often leads to the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound form of the coded protein. KRAS is also known as p21 gene because of the RAS protein encoding 21kD. The top 6 alleles with the highest overall disease rate are listed, while the other mutations were classified in the ‘other’ category. The graph shows cancers with at least 200 new cases in 2021 (American Cancer Society Facts and Figures) and with >5% KRAS mutation frequency. Allele-specific KRASG12C inhibitors are currently changing the treatment paradigm for patients with KRASG12C-mutated non–small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. How do you determine if someone has the KRAS mutation? We can determine if someone Here, the authors examine the genetic interactions of the different KRAS mutations across multiple cancer types and discover that KRAS mutations have allele- and tissue-specific mutagenic origins In the study, the median survival of participants with mutant KRAS was 25 months, but 35 months for those with wild-type KRAS. Mutant KRAS cell lines were classified based on the presence (KRASm/WT+ pink) or absence A combination of real-world evidence and a reanalysis of phase 3 clinical trial data unveils KRAS codon G12 mutations as a biomarker of resistance to trifluridine/tipiracil in metastatic Activating oncogenic mutations in KRAS and NRAS are common in colorectal cancer, which is a heterogenous disease. nlm. a Mutations of KRAS occur in different types of cancers. Human Mutation. The table shows the number of samples recorded as having a particular type of mutation, with the KRAS gene mutations are found in 15 to 25 percent of all lung cancer cases but are more frequent in white populations than in Asian populations; Somatic mutations in the KRAS gene are involved in the development of several types of cancer, particularly pancreatic and colorectal cancers. S and other populations 18 Use of pan-KRAS inhibitors that block KRAS irrespective of mutation type, such as BBP-454 (in the preclinical phase), might open up KRAS inhibition to broader patient populations, but the safety of such an approach will be an important consideration. These trials clearly demonstrated that the mutation statuses of BRAF and KRAS were The mutation signature is concordant with type I endometrioid carcinomas, KRAS mutations were found in 6%–11% of Chinese LUADs 10,18 compared with 25%–33% in U. 8–15% . Cetuximab and Panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) clinically used for the molecular targeted therapy on colorectal carcinoma []. Show more. 535 CRC patients were used to compare the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) and the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the tumor Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types, with rising incidence due to imbalanced lifestyle and dietary habit. Moreover, the frequency of KRAS and TP53 mutations, two mutations strongly linked to tobacco smoke exposure (30 Types and proportion of KRAS mutations in multiple human cancers. We implemented preamplification of G12C mutations KRAS were identified in 3. The KRAS oncogene plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic tumors and its signaling network represents a major target for therapeutic intervention. Different KRAS mutations may represent a unique biologic context with different prognostic and therapeutic impact. It has been suggested that the position and type of amino However, the subtypes of the KRAS mutations are complex, and the development of inhibitors targeting non-G12C subtypes is still at a relatively early stage. Nevertheless, the impact of KRAS mutation, mutation subtypes, and co-mutations on the effectiveness of immunotherapy remains uncertain. Here, the authors show that the RAS mutation spectrum is markedly different Over 20% of human cancers contain mutations in one of the three RAS genes, KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS, making them the most prevalent oncogenic drivers [1, 2]. Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary brain tumor, often Human Mutation. The hallmark for KRAS mutation is the existence of multiple kinds of co-mutations. Cancer is the result of the gradual accumulation of gene mutations that lead to an increase of cell proliferation [4-6]. Diagnostic Criteria for T2DM KRAS mutations occur in one third of human cancers and cluster in several hotspots, with codons 12 and 13 being most commonly affected. 57–0. Correlations between KRAS mutations, specific mutant subtypes and responses to Compared to the wild-type KRAS-mutation containing human pancreatic cancer cells, human pancreatic cancer cells containing the KRAS G12D mutation displayed an increased CDK5 kinase activity and enhanced p35 cleavage, which contribute to early stage PDAC progression (Eggers et al. RAS alterations have been identified as oncogenic drivers in several cancer types, including PDAC, CRC, LUAD, and melanoma [28,29,30,31]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in men and the second most common in women worldwide []. (A) shows the structure of different isoforms of RAS proteins (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, NRAS, and HRAS). Data were obtained from the American The KRAS mutation is highly prevalent in NSCLC and is associated with poor efficacy of immunotherapy. Specifically in NSCLC, KRAS G12C is the most common mutant subtype, accounting for roughly 45% of all KRAS mutations, followed by G12V and G12D . Oncogenic KRAS mutations ROLE OF KRAS IN COLORECTAL CANCER CARCINOGENESIS. 24 and p = 0. Nevertheless, gliomas are considered KRAS-driven cancers due to its essential role in mouse malignant gliomagenesis. These mutations lead to a K-Ras protein that is more However, in another retrospective single-center study by Fiala et al. If your KRAS biomarker result is reported as “KRAS wild-type” or “KRAS WT” this means there is no KRAS mutation in your cancer. KRAS mutations are generally associated with poor prognosis especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PaC), and only now, almost 40 years after its discovery as an oncogene, The KRAS mutation stands out as one of the most influential oncogenic mutations, which directly regulates the hallmark features of cancer and interacts with other cancer-causing driver mutations. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT route and the mitogen-activated protein KRAS mutations are also prevalent in other cancer types, such as lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. All the mutations in the TCGA database for that gene in that tumor are initially graphed, and if the number of mutations is >25, we remove the excess and plot the remainder ("Top 25"). Despite intensive biological and biochemical study of RAS proteins over the past four decades, we are only now starting to There are other types of RAS mutations, but right now, targeted treatment is only available for KRAS in patient withs lung cancer and specifically for one type of KRAS mutation called a G12C mutation. 5% of patients (74 of 2105) Panel A shows the distribution of KRASG12C mutations in 10 cancer types. For many Background: Oncogenic KRAS mutation, the most frequent mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is an aggressiveness risk factor and leads to the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells by promoting glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid absorption and glycolysis. KRAS mutation plays an important role in the initiation, development, proliferation, metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, and therapy resistance of PDAC. 1) codes for the Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) protein, Excitingly, AMG510 was the first drug-targeting KRAS (G12C) to be approved for clinical use this year. targeting KRAS proteins are currently being tested Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease at the cellular and molecular levels. Mutations of the v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homology gene (KRAS) gene are the most common oncogenic drivers of non-squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and occur in approximately 25–38% of non-Asian and 8–10% of Asian lung adenocarcinoma patients [1,2,3]. These mutations are written to represent the location and types of amino acid RAS mutant subtypes in human cancers. 73, CI 0. Tumours positive for KRAS mutation can harbour hypermethylation-related changes in genome expression, and this can be the cause of concurrent loss of DNA repair proteins. We report an inexpensive, rapid multiplex allele-specific qPCR method detecting the 7 most clinically relevant KRAS somatic Download scientific diagram | KRAS mutation in cancer. Current evidence correlates KRAS mutations with increased cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as up-regulation of endometrial cell oestrogen receptors. The heterogeneity of KRAS mutant primary cancers is significant, affecting the variant allele frequency, which could lead to unpredictable branching development in metastases. The gene KRAS (Fig. However, results were inconclusive. However, there remains a lack of precise information on their cooccurrence with mutated variants of KRAS Background KRAS is the undisputed champion of oncogenes, and despite its prominent role in oncogenesis as mutated gene, KRAS mutation appears infrequent in gliomas. G12C single-nucleotide variant (KRAS G12C) is the most frequently reported in NSCLC patients, with a prevalence of about 12–13 %. Of the three RAS family members, KRAS is the most frequently mutated in human cancers. However, our preliminary data are not in favor of a higher TMB in COPD 1 patients. Another pre-clinical study using AZD4785 on a panel of various tumor cell lines including CRC showed potent downregulation of mutant KRAS . KRAS also participat All types of activating KRAS mutations were associated with numerically better OS. Efforts in the recent past to inhibit KRAS oncogenicity have focused on kinases that function in downstream signal transduction cascades, although preclinical successes have not translated to patients with KRAS-mutant cancer. If there is a KRAS mutation in your cancer, it will be reported as “KRAS mutant” or its specific mutation will be listed, for example “KRAS G12C” or “KRAS G12V”. KRAS gene is the most common type of mutation reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). Another concept being explored is the use of KRAS inhibitors as part of combination therapies. Pancreatic cancer is a recalcitrant cancer with one of the lowest 5-year survival rates. The areas represented with the blue box show the effector lobe (1–86 aa), the orange box as the allosteric lobe (87–166 aa), and the light gray box as a hypervariable region Human Mutation. These activated oncogenes always KRAS mutation in cancer. The strongest association was found for G12C mutations (HR = 0. The emblematic KRAS mutant cancers are pancreatic, colorectal, lung adenocarcinomas and urogenital cancers. Missense mutations in TP53 are frequent in pancreas (and lung and colorectal) cancers, whether KRAS is mutant or wild type. We also discuss the implications of this functional classification for potential Here, we analyze 13,492 samples from these four tumor types to examine allele- and tissue-specific genetic properties associated with oncogenic KRAS mutations. However, the most rigorous approach to isolate the prognostic impact of KRAS is to restrict analysis to BRAF-wild type tumors, given that BRAF and KRAS mutations are mutually exclusive and that BRAF mutations are associated with adverse KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer. AACR Project GENIE: powering precision medicine through an international consortium. 2017;7(8):818 Patients with KRAS G12V mutation had longer PFS and ORR than other subtypes (p = 0. Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) is a commonly mutated oncogene in CRC, with mutations in approximately 40% of all CRC cases; its mutations result in constitutive activation of the KRAS protein, which acts as a molecular switch to persistently stimulate downstream signaling The three RAS genes — HRAS, NRAS and KRAS — are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. nih KRAS (kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene), a mouse sarcoma virus oncogene located on chromosome 12, is a member of the RAS family of genes associated with human tumors. KRAS mutation-mediated regulation of immunophenotype and immune pathways in CRC remains to be elucidated. Liu X, Jian X, and Boerwinkle E. Importantly, similarly to SML-8-73-1 and SML-10-70-1, ARS-853 only binds to KRAS G12C and has no inhibitory effects on wild type KRAS and other types of mutant KRAS . Lately, sotorasib was approved by the FDA as a first-in-class KRAS-G12C inhibitor. https://www. a The frequency of KRAS mutations across tumour types, including the mutation frequency of common sites and the subtype with the highest This test detects the presence of the most common KRAS gene mutations in the DNA of cells in tumor tissue in order to help guide cancer treatment. Several germline KRAS mutations have been found to be associated with Noonan syndrome [13] and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. The detection of KRASG12 point mutations with low allele frequencies may prove powerful for the formal diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). KRAS mutation analysis is ordered primarily to determine if your metastatic colon cancer or non-small cell lung cancer is likely to respond to standard therapy, an anti-EGFR drug therapy. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were calculated for individual KRAS mutation types. 2017;7(8):818 Most KRAS mutations are detected in codon 12 or 13 of exon 2 and account for nearly 90% of all mutation types; other mutations in codon 59 or 61 of exon 3 and codon 117 or 146 of exon 4 occur less frequently [4]. 3 Regulation of signaling pathways in PDAC by KRAS mutation. AbstractMembers of the family of RAS proto-oncogenes, discovered just over 40 years ago, were among the first cancer-initiating genes to be discovered. The evolution from benign to malignant lesions and their 1. 2–25. The most common KRAS mutations are G12V, G12D, G14D, G12C, and G12A. 4. It has been demonstrated that KRAS and HRAS mutations are mutually exclusive in different tumor types 32. At the same time, 63 clinical patient samples with 9 shared gene tests and Ki67 IHC indicators The proportion of KRAS mutations of different types. Background Oncogenic KRAS mutation, the most frequent mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is an aggressiveness risk factor and leads to the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells by promoting glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid absorption and glycolysis. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to Classification of KRAS mutations. Tumors with the KRAS The dominant role of G12C over other KRAS mutation types in the negative prediction of efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. [17] The impact of KRAS mutations See more Most common types of KRAS mutation are G12C, G12V, and G12D (8, 9). [14] Somatic KRAS mutations are found at high rates in leukemias, colorectal cancer, [15] pancreatic cancer [16] and lung cancer. A, KRAS is frequently mutated in common cancers. The first chart in this section shows a summary of the types of mutation that have been observed in samples for this gene. b Distribution of KRAS alleles in selected tumor types. ncbi. 189, respectively), while KRAS G12C mutation may have longer OS than other mutation types (p = 0. The distribution of RAS mutations varies among different cancer types, with KRAS G12X mutations accounting for 91% of KRAS mutations in PDAC, 85% in LUAD, and 68% in We performed this retrospective study to investigate whether the KRAS mutation status and its subtypes could predict the effect of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, in vitro data reported by Garassino et al suggested that NSCLC cell lines harboring a G12C, G12V or G12D Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene is one of the most common mutated oncogenes in numerous cancer types, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and In this review, the latest research progress on KRAS, the characteristics of KRAS mutations, the relationship between the KRAS mutations and tumour immunity, and the Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) mutations are genetic drivers in numerous cancer types including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma KRAS is the most frequently mutated followed by NRAS. TP53 co-mutation possess a "hot" TME and achieve higher response to immunotherapy while other loss of function mutation correlated with a "colder" TME and The first pages of the analysis show plots of the specific mutations for each tumor type where more than 5 samples showed KRAS mutations. 3% of all mutations, with the KRAS G12C-type mutations accounting for 2. KRAS mutant cancers are characterized by typical, cancer-type-specific co-occurring mutations and distinct gene expression signatures. of 223 Czech SCC patients treated with EGFR TKI (EGFR wild-type and mutant), OS differed significantly between KRAS mutant (7. In addition, the monotherapy of KRAS inhibitors has accumulated possible resistance, acquiring the exploration of combination therapies or next-generation KRAS inhibitors. A hallmark of pancreatic cancer is the prevalence of oncogenic mutation in the KRAS gene. Characterization of distinct types of KRAS mutation and its impact on first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. , 2011). Data derived from the AACR GENIE 9. 0 public database. This dataset contains only alleles Gly12, Gly13, Gln61, Lys117, and Ala146. The success of addressing a previously elusive KRAS allele has fueled drug The function of wild-type KRAS in KRAS mutant cancers remains to be explored. Few studies examining the prognostic impact of specific KRAS mutations in CRC have controlled for BRAF mutation as a confounder. Further analysis at Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations play a major role in the carcinogenesis of many types of solid tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite more than Establishing the KRAS mutational status of tumor samples is essential to manage patients with colorectal or lung cancer, since these mutations preclude treatment with monoclonal anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. 2%) and the lowest in G12D (97/684: 14. These findings were recently translated into mouse model studies where ARS-1620, a similar covalent compound with high potency and selectivity for KRAS G12C, induced durable tumor All KRAS mutations happen randomly and are somatic or non-hereditary mutations. The KRAS Mutation Kit detects 7 hot mutations (Codon 12, 34G>T, 34G>A, 34G>C, 35G>T, 35G>A, 35G>C and Codon 13, 38G>A) of KRAS gene, which account for > 90% of known KRAS mutation. protocols. Results:KRAS mutations were detected in 90% of tissue (106/118) and 44% of plasma (20/45) samples. Recently, clinically effective covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C have been d This implies different dependency on activation of specific effector pathways in cancer types exhibiting high rates of KRAS mutations (17-61%) and suggests differential coupling between KRAS and key effector pathways. This section displays a series of charts that show the distribution of different types of mutations for KRAS. 2015;37:235-241. The NRAS Mutation Kit detects 9 kinds of mutations in coden 12, 13 and 61 of NRAS gene. dbNSFP: A lightweight database of human nonsynonymous SNPs and their functional predictions. Introduction. KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in NSCLC and development of direct KRAS inhibitors has renewed interest in this molecular variant. Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is an oncogene implicated in the pathophysiology of many cancers. KRAS mutation frequencies are Here, we highlight the distinct biochemical properties of common and rare KRAS alleles, enabling their classification into functional subtypes. RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene family in human cancer. This study aimed to assess the influence of the KRAS mutation on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in NSCLC, AbstractKRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene, harboring mutations in approximately one in seven cancers. 93). Activating mutations in codon 12, especially G12D, have the highest prevalence across a range of carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Among them, KRAS G12D accounts for the highest proportion. Among KRAS mutations, p. To derive a more precise e Unlike other mutation types, KRAS mutations are mostly associated with smoking habits; approximately only 5% of KRAS mutations occur in light- or non-smokers. Here the authors present a pipeline for the Several clinical trials demonstrated that mutated KRAS and BRAF genes are predictive markers of outcomes in mCRC treatment (). In addition to the trials discussed above, the table includes several trials that indicate the predictive effect of BRAF and KRAS mutations [18, 31, 34, 46, 48–52]. a The frequency of KRAS mutations across tumour types, including the mutation frequency of common sites and the subtype with the highest mutation rate in different tumour Epidemiologic studies have evaluated the association between KRAS mutations and resistance to the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients received who had KRAS mutations were enrolled. However, these findings require validation in larger, independent studies in both early and advanced settings [12] On the other hand, approximately 50 % of NSCLC with KRAS mutations have additional co The structure of RAS proteins and prevalence of KRAS mutations in different types of cancer. With inhibitors to KRAS The analysis result of our study suggested that the most co-mutation type KRAS/TP53 did not have prognostic value, and although KRAS/STK11 shows a downward trend in OS, the statistical difference in prognostic value is not significant. Other common mutations include G12A, G12S, G12V, G13C, and G13D. SMAD4 co-mutation was an independent negative prognostic value in Kaplan–Meier univariate analysis and COX There were significant differences in Ki67 scores between KRAS missense and non-missense mutations. Diagnosis of KRAS-mutant colon cancer Diagnosing KRAS mutations involves genetic testing of tu RAS was the first human oncogene discovered in 1982 [1], [2]. Select disease state G12C, G12D and G12R are some of the most common KRAS mutations, based on the specific mutations that are present. *Frequency and codon mutations are from a separate published dataset (). Here, the authors show that deletion of the tumour-suppressive wild-type Kras in a KRASG12D driven colon cancer model The other feature of AZD4785 is that its codon binding site on the KRAS mRNA is different from the mutation codon sites, thus it could be an effective strategy to target both wild and mutant type KRAS. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three causes of cancer deaths in the United States (lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer), the development of anti-RAS therapies is a major priority for cancer research. The We evaluated the genomic co-alteration landscapes and immune biomarker patterns in association with different KRAS mutations in terms of tumor mutational burden KRAS G12C is one of the most prevalent mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To explore frequency and distribution of KRASm/WT+ and KRASm/WT− mutations across tumor types, KRAS zygosity was retrieved from the COSMIC and the NCI-funded KRAS initiative databases. 48). Increasing evidence shows that KRAS mutation is correlated with poor prognosis in numerous cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, and melanoma. 2%). It mainly lists 4 types and others. Cancer Discovery. For example, even with ten-fold more samples (AACR Genie data), the significance of mutant BRAF is difficult to assess: 28 cases when KRAS was wild type (N=193), 9 cases when KRAS was mutant (N=1780). By contrast, altered OS was KRAS mutations result in constitutive activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma STK11 was more frequently mutated in KRAS-mutant than wild-type NSCLC patients, with the highest rate in G13 mutations (118/327: 36. With new drugs in development targeting KRAS mutations, this outlook Therefore, mutation analysis is mandatory before treatment, and reliable benchmarks for the frequency and types of KRAS mutations have to be established for routinely testing large numbers of metastatic CRCs. . 2011;32:894-899. Visit FindKRASG12C. Different types of co-alterations have distinct tumor microenvironment(TME) signatures and responses to ICI. Frequency of KRAS oncogenic mutations across cancer cells lines of different origin. com to learn more about the most prevalent emerging biomarker in NSCLC. For almost four decades, KRAS has According to the KRAS phenotype, four CRC patients with transcriptome sequencing data were divided into the KRAS mutant group and the KRAS wild-type group to identify KRAS mutation-related DEGs, and we found that there were 77 KRAS mutation-related DEGs, among which 55 DGEs in the KRAS mutant group were significantly upregulated and KRAS is commonly mutated at codon 12 in several cancer types, offering a unique opportunity for the development of neoantigen-targeted immunotherapy. Cancer KRAS mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of different epithelial cancer histotypes, including lung and colorectal cancer, but its role has been especially investigated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which is considered the type of tumor mostly dependent on KRAS for its development, metastatic progression, and treatment resistance The clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas13a system has strong potential for highly sensitive detection of exogenous sequences. This review summarises the most recent understanding of fundamental aspects of KRAS, the relationship between the KRAS mutations and tumour immune evasion, and new progress in targeting KRAS, particularly KRAS (G12C). The KRAS gene normally serves as an information hub for signals that lead to cell growth. Another study found lower OS in metastatic patients with KRAS-G12C or KRAS-G12V tumours than other KRAS variants or wild-type KRAS NSCLCs. Brunei Darussalam, located within the Borneo island, is of diverse ethnicity which could represent the genome of Southeast Asia population. Notably, non-smokers are more likely to have KRAS G>A transformation mutations (mainly G12D) than smokers, while the most common mutation in smokers is a G>T translocation mutation (1, 7). Based on the G12D/G13D observations in advanced CRC it is also tempting to speculate that specific cancers may be promoted KRAS mutations in exons 12 and 13 were detected by denaturing capillary electrophoresis (DCE), revealing a minute presence of mutation-specific heteroduplexes. RAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers, accounting for around 20 % of all cases, with KRAS as the most predominant subtype, presenting in 88 % of pancreatic cancer cases, 45–50 % of CRCs and 30–35 % of lung adenocarcinomas [3]. Association between CRC cases and KRAS mutation has been established recently. wifgu xulta qxs mslsx kdusrsjp envv iudcl ksm zctq vsv